The ghosts speech in Hamlet Research Paper Example

The ghosts speech in Hamlet Paper The extract commences with the usage of a caesura which reinforces the lack of time that the ghost of Hamlet has to spare till day breaks. The ghost then begins to use an anecdote, where offstage action is brought on stage. The ghost speaks of his custom of sleeping in the orchard during the afternoon; the word custom highlights the manipulative and conniving nature of Claudius. This manipulative brother stole which refers to the sin of theft; this is also an attribution to the Ten Commandments listed in the bible, which quoted Thou shall not steal. Claudius stole Hamlets life with cursed hebenon, which was noted to be potent when it mixes with the blood stream, and causes the blood to curdle. The ghost of Hamlet then uses the metaphor of describing the ears as a porch which is the natural extrusion of the body. The leperous distilment refers to the cursed hebenon which curdles blood, and leperous is an apt adjective as it describes the effect of the poisonous liquid. The effect is described as enmity with the blood of man, as if personifying the liquid as abhorrent to human blood. Hebenons rapid action is compared to the swiftness of quicksilver or mercury as the metaphor of the natural gates and alleys of the body is used to makes the comparison effective as it effectively curdles blood. The theme of redundancy is brought out again, by using another example of curd. Hamlets ghost then uses a simile as curd curdles milk. Hamlets ghosts blood like the milk became curdled by the dropping of curd. There is use of contrast as the word thin is used to emphasize the thickness of anything curdled. We will write a custom essay sample on The ghosts speech in Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The ghosts speech in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The ghosts speech in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hamlets ghost soon was tainted by a skin ailment, he then specifies how the skin ailment if lazar-like or like leprosy. Shakespeare again uses contrast to reiterate the ill effects of this lecherous liquid, as the words of loathsome crust being the result of the transition from his smooth body. Hamlet again underlines the politic nature of Claudius by saying that he was sleeping. Shakespeare then makes clear to the audience of the nature of the murder. This murder didnt just rob King Hamlet of his life, but also two more esteemed possessions, his crown and wife. Hamlets ghost also uses the word dispatched which is a euphemism compared to the accusations of theft mentioned previously. The sacrosanct nature of King Hamlet is brought out as he mentions numerous Christian beliefs. It was believed that one must seek salvation and confess before ones death, but King Hamlet was unaware of the cruel slaughtering of his life, he was cut in the blossoms of his sin. Unhouseled refers to how the ghost was without sacrament and the Eucharist. Disappointed infers how Hamlet was unprepared for death, and he couldnt confess to sins and seek absolution. Unanointed refers to how King Hamlet has not received the holy oil from a priest. The theme of redundancy which is frequently used through the play, is seen in the lines oh horrible, oh horrible, most horrible to advocate the nefarious nature of the crime. Hamlet then uses a tall command by leaving him virtually with no choice by saying bear it not, what he shouldnt bear is noticed to be the same view point as his son. He cant see his wife and throne as the foundations of damned incest. This again alludes to the third intent of Claudius. But to startle the audience, King Hamlets undying love is once again brought out, telling him not to contrive against his mother, Leave her to Heaven. This yet again shows the religious nature of Hamlet, who will only let St. Peter at the gates of heaven judge his wife, as it is no mortals right. King Hamlet then uses the metaphor of the thorn that in her bosom lodge which refers to the guilt ridden state that the rosy queen will be subjugated to. The passage of time is again brought through the words of the ghost, he says Fare thee well since daylight must be soon approaching, by using an example of the glowworm and how its fire is soon being burnt out as the day light is soon approaching. King Hamlet then says Adieu, adieu, adieu to shows the speed at which he must soon depart. Remember me connects to the soliloquy made by Hamlet who is in desperation to lose the harsh memories asked Must I remember? Young Hamlet then in the state of desperation and shock beckons Heaven and earth, his state of desperation is highlighted by the numerous exclamation marks. He calls upon the host of heaven which is composed of the choir of angels He then ponders whether he should request help from even hell? He immediately repents by saying Oh fie. The theme of repetition is once again through hold, hold to show the emotional attachment and the grief that he has experienced through finding out the actual truth as to why his father is currently dead. Hamlet starts to speak to himself, by reassuring his sinews to stay strong and not grow instant old, but to make sure he doesnt faint. Remember thee? This is used twice in the next few lines, shows that Hamlet cant accept that his father even questions whether he will remember him. Hamlet speaks of a distracted globe, this globe could be his mind, in which memory will always hold a seat, and his distracted temperament due to realization to the truth. The globe could also be a reference to the globe theater which was going through turbulent times. Hamlet then speaks of the table which was a notebook used for recording, through this metaphor he compares his memory to the table. Trivial fond this statement is an oxymoron of a kind, since fond memories are those which usually hold the reins of ones memory, but he sees these happy memories as petty. Hamlet then uses pauses to shows his reflection so he can list all of which he will wipe away from his memory, so that the commandment can alone live. He refers to his fathers words as a commandment, giving his father an almost equal status to the divine, which shows the extent to which he will obey his fathers commands. He then personifies his mind as a library where books and volumes are housed, which will soon be forgotten. Hamlet then condemns women, by using the adjective pernicious, which is harsh to describe the dangerous and untrustworthy nature of his mother and women in general. Hamlet then repeats the word villain to reemphasize the nature of the current king; he also uses the verb smiling to describe Claudius. The smiling criminal is one that Shakespeare oft refers to most well noticed in Macbeth where he writes Theres daggers in mens smiles. This intensifies the dramatic impact, as the smiling which is associated to joy, is now being portrayed as villainous. Hamlet then uses the word may as to whether there is a smiling villain in Denmark; this again shows doubt as to whether the ghost is actually his father or a poltergeist trying to beguile him. This is why later on through the play, Hamlet the man of words, is slow to react. He then addresses his uncle as kin, he quotes his father Adieu, adieu, remember me. Except this is a more malicious way of vociferating the words of his father. Hamlet has sworn to avenge his inscrutable father. This extract enacts the major twist in the play, as Hamlet finds out the truth and all further actions by characters is partly dependent on this knowledge. The extract simultaneously develops the character of King Hamlet, Claudius, young Hamlet and Gertrude, by universally explaining the fallings of man. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate World Literature section.

Marketing Plan Bay Health Food Company

Marketing Plan Bay Health Food Company Introduction One of the essential elements of a business plan is a marketing plan. An effective marketing plan for a business requires an intelligently considered base, upon which a business gets to penetrate its target market with ease.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan: Bay Health Food Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through a marketing plan, a business gets to outline all its marketing strategies and efforts. Two cardinal elements that define the function and effectiveness of a business plan are strategy and procedure. A marketing plan also entails identifying and explaining the opinionated, monetary, shared, scientific, and intellectual environments that will support a business. In addition, a marketing plan also develops a SWOT analysis for a business by identifying the strengths and weaknesses presented by the internal business environment, as well as identifying opportunities and threats to a business from the external environment. Bay Health Food Company is a business operating under five different environments, which present their own unique threats towards the actualization of its corporate goals. Threats Threats in this context refer to something that has an intention or ability to inflict harm on a business. Threats to a business come from the external environment. For the case of Bay Health Food Company, there are numerous threats posed by the five environments that support its operations. The first threat is high competition from existing food markets. Many supermarkets in Canada are currently rebranding, as a response to the dynamic nature of food market in the country. This will likely pose a huge threat to the marketing strategies and efforts of the business due to high competition for market leadership and customers. Most food markets in Canada have a high matching percentage on the products sold, thus the need for Bay Health Food to identify those threat s and eliminate them. The second threat is the current economic situation in Canada. Canada’s economic performance is quite poor, and the government has been implementing numerous policies to help boost the economy. Such policies are likely to pose a huge threat to the businesses marketing plans due to limitations on the scope of operations, and high cost of operations. Lack of economic regulations on businesses can easily crumble down a country’s economy, thus the move by the government to regulate how business conduct their activities and the valuing system used on various products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third threat to the business is ignorance by Canada’s population about organic foods and their numerous benefits. Most of the foods sold by Bay Health Food Company are organic. The fact that most consumers in Canada prefer to co nsume natural foods despite their high costs, may pose a huge threat to the anticipated success of the company in the market. It is very hard to convince people to change their culinary culture, especially if it has a connection to their national culture. The company may also experience a hard time making any reasonable impact in Canada’s food market due to government regulations on organic foods. Government regulations often pose huge threats to marketing activities of a business, as they can change anytime and a business will be required to conform to regulation touching on their businesses. This often creates a need to reorient prior plans in order to align them with new regulations. Other possible threats include high cost of operation and the unpredictable nature of customer needs in Canada. Conclusion Because all the five environments supporting the business will keep changing, it is important to revise all marketing strategies on a quarterly basis. Although it may incr ease the cost of operating the business, it is important for a business to achieve and maintain its leadership in the highly competitive Canadian market. The purpose of the regular revisions is to identify and eliminate emerging threats that can cripple business activities.

Do you agree or disagree with the author go either way it does not Essay

Do you agree or disagree with the author go either way it does not matter to me - Essay Example It has captured the attention of other countries including the United States in labor force and technology. There is no doubt that China has the most sophisticate technologies and the fastest economic growth than any other state across the globe. It is also evident that China has strong military forces. Despite all these factors, I disagree with Gifford that China is the future super power. According to Uckert (1995, p. 9), China still face some major problems that hinder her from achieving this huge goal. This has been evident in the market since most of China’ economy has been continuously state owned. These state owned enterprises employ only one third of the urban Chinese workforce while about half of the enterprises run by the state are unprofitable. Although the Chinese government understands the situation, they are reluctant because they fear it will cause unemployment and social unrest. Second barrier is the population, which lowers its per capita income. To measure the economy of China, it will have to span a larger population which also affects its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Currently, the world GDP is growing at s rate of 4.5 %. The normal china’s economy currently is $3.2 trillion for it to lead every state it means that it has to grow at 11% continuously for 22 years which may not be possible because it has never grown beyond 10%. In addition to this, high population leads to unemployment and also forces the government to divert its investments to non productive sectors like housing consequently affecting its economic growth. Apart from that, it also leads to frequent distortion of price commodities, corruption and limited government revenues. All these factors are not indicators of future super powers. Currently, the relationship between the state and the society in china is not healthy due to unequal distribution of resources. There is great disparity between wages and standards of living among the Chinese citizens,

Supernatural literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Supernatural literature - Essay Example The author of the fantastic literature of subversion, Rosemary Jackson, depicts and explores the use of the transcendentalist approach, theoretical perspectives, and assumptions as the basis of supernatural literature (Marcus, 2006). Supernatural literature involves the tracing of the hidden truths, the unsaid and the unseen of culture that lie unnoticed by the law, and the dominant value system. The reversal of this perspective exposes a situation whereby there is a sudden change in the dominant value system. The marginalized groups take the center stage in the dominant value system, with whatever that was central to the dominant system thrust aside. Supernatural texts tend to reveal the contents of the dominant system and its values, in the perspective of the marginalized (Friesen, 2010). Supernatural literature involves a comprehensive account of debates on the Marxist aesthetics, and proposes that Marxism is the lone major sociological tradition, and that sociology has failed to theorize the phenomenon of art. This argues out on the purpose of Marxism, and the perception on socialism and capitalism. Rosemary explores on the casual connection between the real world and the theories. There is the question of realism, in the perception of knowledge and the scientific inquiry in the real world. Fantasy is both theoretical and descriptive, i.e. comprehensive and scholarly, account of the literature of the literature of the fantastic, and a polemic calling for its recognition as a potentially subversive literature (Zipes, 2011). Supernatural literature explores the characteristic themes of fantasy, i.e. transformations or changes, invisibility, doubles and disappearances. Rosemary Jackson’s Fantasy: The literature of subversion explores questions and interrogates the relationships between reality and unreality, self or not self and conscious and unconscious. This is on the basis of the reversed perspective. The silenced in a

Personal Philosophy of Nursing Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy of Nursing - Personal Statement Example In addition, I hope to be of positive impact to the discipline by ensuring that I have good relationships with my colleagues and the community as a whole. My nursing philosophy is influenced by the legal and ethical responsibilities of a nurse towards their patients. In my belief, nurses should promote and protect the safety, health, and privileges of the patient. Every patient deserves to be given quality care irrespective of their culture, religion, race, age, and socio-economic status, among other differentiating factors (American Nurses Association, 2001). It is, therefore, my vow to guard the ethical codes for nurses, which require confidentiality and the provision of quality and safe care. In addition, being ethical in my opinion, means that I should respect the personal beliefs of my clients even if those beliefs conflict with my personal views. For example, patients may refuse to take medicine based on their religious beliefs, thus leaving me in a dilemma on what course of action to take since I know that they will not get better without the medication. In such I dilemma, I would be required to find a solution in which I would meet the patient’s need while also not compromising my beliefs thus maintain ethicality. Care and compassion are some of the greatest attributes that a nurse could have, and show to their patients. Nursing is not only concerned with the physical health of patients but also their emotional and spiritual needs. According to Chitty & Black (2007) health is a holistic entity that involves physical, emotional, physiological, spiritual, and social facets of human life. Therefore, I hope to help my patients manage the emotional stress that comes with illness, and if it is within my capacity, help them find spiritual peace as well, to enable them cope with their situation. In terms of the personal beliefs that influence my nursing practice, I strive

Breast Cancer And Breast Self Examination

Breast Cancer And Breast Self Examination Breast cancer is a major killer disease of women both globally and regionally. It is the most common cancer among women, and the second cause of deaths among women worldwide (World Health Organization WHO, 2010). The incidence of breast cancer in women remains high. It is estimated that 1,000,000 women develops breast cancer each year and Approximately 519,000 women deaths are related to breast cancer (WHO, 2010; McPherson, Steel, Dixon, 2000). According to Manning-Walsh (2004) breast cancer incidence has increased and it is alarming for women affecting all ages. As a result, interpersonal relationships such as marital or sexual relationship are negatively affected. Stephen (2009) described breast cancer as a malignant (cancerous) growth that begins in the tissues of the breast, cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way (p.1). Moreover there is no known cause for breast cancer but there are risk factors that are closely linked to development and progres sion of breast cancer. Breast cancer is classified into four stages. According to The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) revise the four stages are based on tumor size, the degree of lymph node involvement, the presence of inflammatory signs, and evidence of metastasis (Singletary at el. 2002). Stage (I) breast cancer involves primarily small tumors (less than or equal to 2 cm) with no known lymph node involvement and no metastases to other organs, in Egypt few women present at this stage. stage (II) breast cancers are characterized by either slightly larger primary tumor than stage (I) (between 2 and 5 cm) or if there is lymph node involvement. stage (III) consists of large tumors (greater than 5 cm) with signs of inflammatory breast cancer, also if ipsilateral nodes are involved where the tumor has caused the node to be fixed to another node or to other structures it is designated stage (III), high percent of women present in this stage which treatment option are limited. S tage 4 means any metastatic breast cancer no matter what size the tumor or if there is nodal involvement or not. If it is metastatic, it is stage (IV), in general stage (IV) is not considered curable (Singletary at el. 2002). The occurrence of breast cancer creates psychosocial stress for both the patient and her family, due to threat to the patients life and other consequences of breast cancer such as metastasis to other body organs and parts. In addition studies have shown that middle aged women (40-60) are most likely to develop breast cancer, and most patients with breast cancer present for the first time at stages two and three (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006). Breast cancer has high incidence among women during productive period and has effect on financial as breast cancer treatment is very costly. Breast cancer account for 37% of all types of cancer globally, moreover incidence of breast cancer varies from one country to another (WHO, 2010). In United State of America (USA) around 20 women will develop breast cancer each hour, moreover and around 5 women will die with breast cancer each hour (Lancaster, 2005). Studies have established that the rate of breast cancer is highest in USA and Canada, one out of nine women are expected to develop breast cancer and it is most common among women age 47-73 years old, leading to epidemic proportions in USA and Canada (McPherson, Steel Dixon, 2000; George, 2000; Naeem at el., 2008). 182,460 cases developed breast cancer in USA in 2008 (Jemal at el., 2008). Regional Overview Breast cancer incidence in developing country is high almost as high as in developed countries. One out of nine Pakistani women are expected to developed breast cancer (50 per 100,000), which is high compared to Indian women (19 per 100,000) (Kumar, Imam, Manzoor, Masood, 2009). In Iran, one of the Arabic Country, in 2005 prevalence of breast cancer among women was (22 per 100,000) (Tavafian, Hasani, Aghamolaei, Zareand, Gregory, 2009). Breast cancer is a major health alarms for many countries in the Mediterranean Region such as Bahrain represents 38.4% of all female cancers and in Jordan its represents 28% of all female cancers (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006; Center for Arab Genomic Studies, 2003). Likewise, breast cancer is the most common cancer among Egyptian women. According to the Egypt National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Egypt, breast cancer represents 18.9% of all cancers cases (35.1% in women and 2.2 % in men) (Omar, et al. 2003). Incidence of breast cancer is not different comparing with other countries which represented (24 per100, 000) and mortality rate related to breast cancer is 9.3% of all cancers (Seif, Aziz, 2000). According to Khatib and Modjtabai (2006) Egyptian women under the age of 50 are more likely to develop breast cancer, where women aged 50 years and older are the most commonly affected group. In Egypt breast cancer is usually detected at late stages (around 60% of cases detected in third stage of breast cancer), when treatment options are limited therefore breast cancer is high fetal (Bender et al. 2005; Ibrahim at el., 2010). In Aswan, breast cancer is most frequent cancer among both males and females (Ibrahim at el. 2010). Moreover it is presents 63.9% of all cancer cases among Aswan females, and most women aged (40-59) are the most commonly affected group. According to Ibrahim at el. (2010) after the age of 20 years, breast cancer became the most frequent cancer with a peak in the age group 40-59 years (p.72). In addition most cases are diagnosed in late stages only 3.1% cases are diagnosed in first stage, on the other hand around 96.2% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in second and third stage when treatment options are limited making breast cancer is high fetal. As a result it is important to understand Aswan females experience about breast self examination and early detection of breast cancer. Moreover the high incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer, as well as the high cost of treatment and limited resources available, require that it should continue to be a focus of attention for health care providers. The benefits of fighting breast cancer, including the positive impact that early detection and screening can have, need to be carefully addressed. Early detection The early detection of breast cancer is the most important and beneficial area of protection techniques. Diagnosis of breast cancer during the early stages of disease has been positively linked to a decrease in the mortality and morbidity of the illness (Budden, 1998; Gray 1990; Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Early detection of breast cancer is very important to decrease the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer outcome; mammography and breast self examination have been used as strategies for this purpose (Budden, 1998; Gray 1990; Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Moreover there are a number of approaches to the screening of breast cancer such as Breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination and mammography (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006). (I) BSE is effective, cheap and less painful; however, it is dependent on knowledge, attitude towards BSE practice among women. (II) Clinical breast examination is one of the primary modes of screening for breast cancer. Its effectiveness is dep endent upon the skills of the health care providers and the facilities available. (III) Mammography is known to reduce breast cancer mortality among women, but its benefits are dependent upon several factors such as the equipment used, the skills of the technician and it is expensive as well (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006; Budden, 1998; Gray 1990; Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Breast Self examination BSE should be preformed every month starting at age 20 (ACS, 2009). The purpose of BSE is for a woman to learn the natural features of her breast, know how her breasts normally feel, thus easier for her to identify and report any new changes to the physician. (Gray, 1990; Highton, 2002). There is strong evidence that BSE can reduce mortality from breast cancer, around 90% of breast cancer are detected by BSE. (Smith, 2002; Wilson Ayers, 2007). However the studies showed that BSE practice is very low. Therefore women should be aware of BSE tool. Consequently there seems to be general agreement on the importance to empower women with BSE knowledge and skill to promote BSE practice. Several studies have shown that there is a gap in knowledge about BSE and practice among women. (Al Qattan, Alsaleh, Al Musallam, Masoud, 2008; Alkhasawneh, Akhu-Zaheya, Suleiman, 2009; Wilson Ayers, 2007). George (2000) the barrier to breast cancer screening could be classified to personal, caregiver or demographic barriers, personal barriers included attitude and lack of information. At caregiver level, the assumption is lack of knowledge, skills, attitude, and consistency. For demographic it could be related to age, education level or culture. A fear of detecting any lump is also considered one of breast cancer screening barrier. The WHO (2010) suggested that to decrease the incidence of breast cancer in developing countries, breast cancer screening programs should be emphasized. The way this phenomenon is perceived by women influenced by many factors such as womens socio cultural beliefs, values, geographical environment, personal knowledge and so on. Women face many challenges in rural areas which may affect their quality of life. To enhance the quality of life of middle age women in rural areas, it is important to have in depth understanding about their BSE perception. Breast self examination practice Knowledge and practice rate of BSE is varies from one country to another. According to Coleman (1991) around 96% of the American women had heard about BSE, however only 19-40% of them practice BSE every month. In the other hand 37% of the Kuwaiti women are practice BSE (Al Qattan, Al Saleh, Al Musallam Masoud, 2008). In literature review only two studies were founded that were conducted in Egypt about BSE one was on Evaluation of effect of breast self examination training program on knowledge, attitude and practice (Seif Aziz, 2000; p. 105), among 122 worker women in Ain Shams University- Lower Egypt. The result showed that around 25% of the participants have knowledge about breast cancer and BSE, however only 10.6% and 11.5% of the total sample practiced BSE. In addition the participant asserted that caregiver teams have an important role to provide the knowledge, skills and practice about BSE (Seif Aziz). The second study is Breast self-examination practice and its impact on bre ast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, El-Shazly, Tognoni, 2000, p.34). The result showed that 10. 4% of breast cancer patient practiced BSE after being diagnosed with breast cancer as study was focused on breast cancer patients, to monitor for spread of the cancer to the unaffected breast (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, El-Shazly, Tognoni, 2000). The gap in the two finding, (I) they focused only on percentage of knowledge and practice of BSE. (II) Both studies recommended follow up for studies to assess BSE knowledge and positive attitude and level of practice among women. (III) There is BSE negative attitude among women (72.1%) without explain the reasons. (IV) Both studies show the importance of attitude and perception of women related to BSE practice. Limitations of the two studies as one published in 2000 and the other one in 2003 and both are quantitative research. Usually people life style knowledge, attitude and behavior changes can be meaningfully captured through qualitative studies. In addition this data could be too old and no longer valid. Most of the studies on this subject were quantitative, and were designed to describe the demographic variables associated with BSE practice, increase the compliance or proficiency of women, or evaluate it as a screening technique. However there were recommendations for further s tudies to explore women beliefs and attitude about BSE. The purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the perception of BSE among middle age women, and explore barriers to practice of BSE among Egyptian women. Furthermore, it will help identify knowledge, skills and practice gaps and recommend strategies to address the gap in BSE. Research Question What is the perception related to knowledge, attitude and practices of middle age women regarding breast self examination in rural areas of Aswan, Egypt? Research objective To explore the perception of middle age women related to breast self examination (BSE). To understand Egyptian womens experience about BSE. To assess BSE knowledge and its sources among middle age women. To assess if nurses teach women in community about BSE. To evaluate whether women practice BSE in rural areas. Significance of Proposed Study to Nursing Incidence of breast cancer has increased and it seems that it will continue to rise, as predicted by scientists, physicians and previous studies. To decrease breast cancer morbidity and mortality rate, early detection is important. BSE is an important tool and should be practice to help in early diagnosis breast cancer. This study will enable researcher to understand perception of BSE among middle age women. Nurses who are working in the hospital or other health institute should be aware of breast cancers knowledge, altitude and practice among women. Hence, help them in early detection and intervention. In addition the findings of this study will enhance awareness among health professionals about BSE perception related to knowledge, practice and attitude among women. It also will provide need to plan intervention program about aware of breast cancers early detection knowledge, altitude and practice. As patient education is an integral component of nursing role. (Saarmann, Daugherty Riegel, 2002). So those who are working in different areas in different status, nurses, health workers, lady health visitor and nurse practitioner should be able to provide health education according to their socio-cultural and arrange sessions on sharing the women experience, perception of BSE and guide in understanding early detection techniques. Moreover can expand the research and may help other in further research if they want to search more information on BSE in relation to specific aspects such as cultural and religion. CHAPTER THREE Methodology Study Design Qualitative descriptive-exploratory design will be used for this study. This design is selected science, little is known about BSE experience among women, as the majority of studies carried out on womens knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to BSE have been quantitative (Kearney, 2006). Which are chiefly designed to describe the demographic variables associated with its practice, increase the compliance or proficiency of women, or evaluate it as a screening technique. According to Polit and Beck (2008) qualitative approach is conducting the study within naturalistic pattern. A qualitative method deals with experiences of human being in real life by exploring it directly. It helps to understand the phenomenon in- deeply, by giving rich and most appropriate information. In addition according to Pope and Mays (1995) suggested that qualitative research helps to understand complex behaviors and attitude. The purpose of exploratory study is to examine a specific concept abo ut which little is known (Burns and Grove, 2007). It emphasizes on identification of factors related to a phenomenon of interest. As this study aims to explore perception related to BES Knowledge, attitude and practice of middle age women in Egypt, therefore, a qualitative exploratory descriptive design is best suited to this study. The purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the perceptionrelated to knowledage , attitude and practice of BSE among middle age women, and explore barriers to practice BSE among Egyptian women. Furthermore, it will help identify knowledge, skills and practice gaps and recommend strategies to address the gap in BSE. Research Question What is the perception related to knowledge, attitude and practices of middle age women regarding Breast self examination in rural areas of Aswan, Egypt? Study Setting and Population Health care clinics in rural areas in Aswan- Egypt will be selected as setting for recruiting participant. The study population would be middle aged (40-60 years) women, coming to the health care clinics. The target population will be all the middle age women who will meet the following inclusion criteria: (I) aged women between 40-60 years. (II) the women who have not been diagnosed with breast cancer. (III) They are living in rural area. (IV) They can speak Arabic or English. (V) They are willing to participate in the study and use audiotape. Women will be excluded if they have any mental illness, as this may affect their judgment, or are not willing to participate in the study. Study Sample and Size The sampling method would be used is purposive sample. This type of sampling is often use by qualitative researcher because the aim is to contact participants who can give in-depth, rich information about the study phenomenon (Polit Beck, 2008). The study samples comprise of 8-12 women who are in middle age or to the point at which data saturation is achieved. Participants Recruitment Health care clinics director, physicians and nurses will be met and discuss about the study and request them to identify potential participants. The women who will come to the health care clinic and who meet the inclusion criteria for the study, nurses will give them invitation and consent letter. The women who will be willing to participate will be asked for informed written and oral consent. Then discuss and agree on the date, time and venue of one to one interview according to the womans convenience. The interview will be held in noise free setting either at health care clinic or at participants house/ convenient place. Data Collection Polit and Beck (2008) Polit study help to assess adequacy of the study and quality of instruments (p. 214). Prior to collecting the data, the pilot testing of interview guide would be done on 1-2 middle age women who would be coming to the health care clinic of Aswan, Egypt, after taking the participants consent. The objectives of Polit study: to evaluate the understanding of the semi structure questions, to assess the comfort level of the women, to identify the amount of time required by the participants and to determine the time of the day that suits best for the interview to be conducted. The data collected from pilot testing will be used as part of the data collection. Data will be collected from April 2011 to June 2011 in Aswan, Egypt. For this study, the data will be collected using semi structured questions to guide an in-depth interview. The time for interview is approximately 50-70 minutes. Individual interview will help to explore individual perception in detail and while maintaining confidentially. It is assumed that the participants may feel more comfortable and free while expressing and sharing their experiences in privacy. Audiotape will be used to record the interview. Notes will be taken for observation made onthings might be relevant to the study, such as participants non verbal communication (facial expressions, posture and other body language). At the end of the session the data will be verified/ cross checked with participants for clarity consistency. After audio taping the interview, the data would be transcribed and will be checked for matching. Interview Process The written consent will be taken from the participants prior to the interview. Interview will be conducted in Arabic as it is participants ease; so the data will be understood well and bias would be reduced in this way. Probes would be used to explore more information and will provide direction to the participant. Field notes will be taken; observation would be noted such as non verbal communication of the patient. Does the non verbal and verbal communication matches or not and observation related to the environment that provides and clue related to the data or experience. The data analysis will be proceeded by guidelines (unrau coleman, 1997) (a) the transcribed interview of the participants will be coded for analyzing data, (b) identifying emerging themes in the data, (c) labeling the themes with significant code words, (d) codes will be clustered and labeled using broader themes and sub themes throughout analytic process, (e) the thematic strands will be weaved together into an i ntegrated picture of phenomena under investigation. Data analysis will be carried out manually. The researcher will read the data over and over in search of meaning and deeper understanding, carefully reading the interviews to obtain a general sense of the experience. Data Analysis Plan Data analysis in qualitative research is actually begins when data collection begins (Polit Beck, 2008) therefore, the researcher will start analyzing the data after taking the first interview. The qualitative data analysis involves four cognitive processes: comprehension- identifying the themes; synthesis- merging of the themes to make a composite pattern; theorizing- connecting the findings with the larger body of knowledge; re-contextualization- applying the findings to other setting or the context in which the findings fit (Morse, 1994). Therefore, these processes will be applied to the data analysis of this study. (a) for analyzing data, the transcribed interview will be coded (b) identifying emerging themes in the data, (c) labeling the themes with significant code words, (d) codes will be clustered and labeled using broader themes and sub themes throughout analytic process, (e) the thematic strands will be weaved together into an integrated picture of phenomena under investig ation. Data analysis will be carried out manually. The researcher will read the data over and over in search of meaning and deeper understanding, carefully reading the interviews to obtain a general sense of the experience. According to Morse and Field (2005), gathering the responses according to the question is a significant procedure for semi structured interviews. Therefore, the researcher will read the transcripts and gather the responses to each question in a separate file. The gathered responses to each question will be organized in a text that will have three columns. The centre column will contain the participants responses, the left column will show the coding and the right column will include my comments and thoughts concerning the text. The qualitative content analysis will be used as analytic method, while for content analysis the form which is referred by Morse and Field (1995) will be utilized. The form divided into manifest and latent content analysis. In manifest analysis, t he researcher search for specific words, phrases or ideas used in the content of interview. In latent analysis, the researcher search for the underlying meaning of the message showed in the text. The latent content analysis has greater validity than manifest analysis as it permits for the coding of the meaning and not just the words of the participants (Morse Field, 1995). Therefore, the researcher will use both analysis methods. For coding, the researcher will reread the text and underline words or phrases and will copy them into the left hand column of the document. At the same time, the researcher also aggregate codes into relevant categories in a separate document. Pseudonyms and identification number to each individual text will be given. The pseudonyms will help to imagine the respondent and to make sense of it, whereas, identification number will facilitate to identify patterns during coding and categorization exercises. The codes with each category will be identified from its origin through identification number. The short form of category will also be assign to a code as well. Each category will be compared and contrast that may help to create sub categories. After sorting the major categories into smaller ones, the researcher will look for atypical and representative cases that will help to explain the significant experience found in the research. The researcher will also look for the relationships among categories to find common themes. The researcher will also refer to the notes that have non verbal expressions of the participants and her own feelings in the analysis process. The researcher will be involving the committee members and supervisor throughout the analysis process. Ethical Considerations The proposal will be sent to the Universitys Ethical review committee (ERC) which will give a written permission for the study. Informed consent and Permission will be obtained from Aswan Directors of Health. The principle of autonomy will be followed which means that Participants will be approached to consent for voluntary participation. Complete information about the study will be provided to the participants. The participant will be informed about the study purpose, risks and benefits of participating. Participants will be approached to consent for voluntary participation and will have freedom to choose or to terminate their participation at any time during the study. No potential physical or psychological harm is expected. Those willing to participate will sign a consent form and a copy of the consent form will be provided to the participants. Confidentiality refers to the researchers assurance to the participants that the shared information will not be publicized (Burkhardt Nat haniel, 2002). Thus, confidentiality in this study will be maintained by not sharing the participants data with any other participant and will be observed throughout the study. Anonymity and confidentially is the key principle to maintain privacy (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2002). The participants identity will not be revealed in the study. Codes will be used instead of the name. The researcher will assure the participants of their confidentiality. The data will not be utilized for any other purpose, there being aneed for secondary analysis of the data permission will be obtained from relevant bodies. This study will help middle age women to verbalize their perceptions, feelings and experience about BSE. Women might get emotionally upset in the process of sharing their experience. In these instances break would be provided during the interview. The researcher will answer all the participants queries in order to provide complete information regarding the study to easy tension and promte c omfort. Rigor Trustworthiness is the term used in the qualitative research to show rigor (Poilt and Beck, 2008). In this study the rigor will be maintained throughout by utilizing Lincoln and Guba (1985) guidelines. Lincoln and Guba identified four criteria for maintaining trustworthiness of a qualitative research (i) credibility, or (Truth value), (ii) dependability, reliability or Auditability, (iii) confirmability or Neutrality, and (iv) Transferability, Fittingness. The research will be described clearly; the procedures will be used to ensure that the data will be recorded accurately. The researcher will ensure that findings and the themes will be logical and reflective of the data. Credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability will be maintained. Credibility Lincoln and Guba (1985) credibility presented such faithful descriptions or interpretations of a human experience that the people having that experience would immediately recognize it . . . (p. 30). Also when others can recognize the experience by reading about it. To confirm the credibility of the findings, the researcher will share the outcomes with women, who recognized the findings and conformed that they were true to their experiences and perception, this establishes the credibility. One technique to improve credibility is to give out sufficient time for data collection activities to gain an in-depth understanding of the individuals experience. Dependability/ Auditability it could be maintained when another researcher can clearly follow the decision trail used by the investigator. In addition, another researcher could arrive at the same or comparable but not contradictory conclusions given the researchers data, perspective, and situation.To provide dependability, the researcher applied and recorded the audit trial. Lincoln and Guba (1985), state, Conformability is termed as a process to provide the study records in order to maintain the objectivity; and to verify the quality and adequacy of the results and interpretation. (Lincoln Guba, 1985).In this study the audit trail and research plan will be shared with the thesis supervisor and to the committee members so that they would verify its dependability. Dependability relies on three factors and should be ensured by the researcher: the sample size, the analysis approach, and the dissemination of the research result. The sample size will be sufficient for the research design as the researcher will achi eved saturation, and the researcher plans to disseminate the study findings through publication of articles and presentations at the national and international level. Conformability when auditability, fittingness, and credibility have been established by an audit trail, conformability could be achieved. Audit trail consist of raw data, memos, communications, records of gestures, etc. the researcher applied an audit trail to meet these conditions by constructing and maintaining a record of unrefined data, data reduction and reconstruction, synthesis products and consequent analysis (Lincoln Guba, 1985). Transferability It will be achieved when study findings fit into contexts outside the study situation and when the audience views the findings as meaningful and transferable to the rest of the potential users. Lincoln and Guba (1985) termed transferability as the way of presenting adequate data such that external conclusions may be made about the findings. These in-depth interviews, with rich descriptions about menopause experience allow the readers to decide about its transferability. Through rich and extensive description, the researcher will provide with in-depth information about the contexts, the data, and the participants. Limitations Limitations of the study includes: (I) the data collection plan is limited to three months only as it is a part of masters programme that may affect the quality of the study. (II) The researchers own experiences and opinion there is a chance of biasness. (III) The transferability of the study findings will be limited to Aswans population; as each community has specific culture. (IV) Because of the culture and the topic some of the participant will not share full information about their experience. Finding Dissemination Plan Results will be presented to nurses and nurse leaders of Aswan Directors of Health. The researcher will give recommendations and will work with Aswan nurse and their leaders to achieve the recommendations. The study will be presented at national scientific conferences and seminars, as well as published in local and international journal. References Abdel-Fattah, M., Zaki, A., Bassili, A., El-Shazly, M., Tognoni, G. (2000). Breast self- examination practice and its impact on breast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 6(1), 34-40. Al Qattan, M. M., Al Saleh, K. A., AlMusallam, S. S., Masoud, G. M. (2008). Knowledge and factors affecting breast self examination among Kuwaiti women. Kuwait Medical Journal, 40 (2), 103-110. Alkhasawneh, I. M., Akhu-Zaheya, L. M

The Life of William Penn Essay -- American History

The Life of William Penn William Penn, most commonly known for the establishment of the state of Pennsylvania, could also be referred to as the first great pioneer of American liberty. His beliefs on equal rights and religious toleration not only contributed to liberty in the Old World, but in the New World as well. In a time when religions persecuted one another for their beliefs, colonists were stealing land from Indians, and women had little to no rights, Penn established a sanctuary free from the stereotypes that were common in that time in history. Founded by William Penn, Pennsylvania, and the eventual city of Philadelphia, will continue to bear the marks of the advancement of religious tolerance still witnessed by society today. William Penn was born October 14, 1644 in London, England and spent most of his youth in that general vicinity. He was the oldest of three children, having a younger brother and a younger sister. â€Å"As the eldest son, Penn followed the usual path as heir to his father’s estates. Thus he was educated in the typical manner of the gentry, being sent to a private school and later to a university† (Geiter, 14). After being homeschooled until the age of 11, he began his formal training at Chigwell Academy near Wanstead in Essex, England. Penn attended several colleges throughout Europe including Oxford University and Lincoln’s Inn, a prestigious law school in London. William Penn’s education and law background helped round out his skills and prepare him to take his place in society. His eventual conversion to Quakerism, however, prevented him from entering a political career as expected by his family. â€Å"While Penn did not follow the traditional route, by becoming, for example, a member of parliament, he d... ...eiter, Mary K. William Penn. Harlow, England: Longman, 2000. 14, 167. Print. Powell, Jim. "William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace." Quaker.org. The Freeman. Web. 1 Mar. 2012. Patton, Allyson. "Brotherly Love Comes To Philadelphia." British Heritage 26.6 (2006): 43-48. MasterFILE Premier. Jstor. 20 Mar. 2012. Foster, Genevieve. The World of William Penn. New York: Scribner, 1973. 32. Print. Geiter, Mary K., and W. A. Speck. Colonial America: From Jamestown to Yorktown. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 97. Print. William Penn Biography. N.p., 3 Dec. 2007. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. . Lingelbach, William E. â€Å"William Penn and City Planning.† The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 68, No. 4 (Oct.,1944): 401. MasterFILE Premier. Jstor. 20 Mar. 2012.

Evolution of Management Accounting Discipline Essay

Evolution of Management Accounting discipline and its relationship with other functions in organizations The challenges of the competitive environment in the 1980s should cause us to examine our traditional cost of accounting and management control systems. The DuPont Corporation (1903) and the reorganization of General Motors (1920) provided the opportunity for major innovations in the management control of decentralized operations, including the ROI criterion for evaluation of performance and formal budgeting and incentive plans. More recent developments have included discounted cash flow analysis and the application of management science and multiperson decision theory models After the 1920s the evolution of management accounting methods reduced as interest and senior management focused on preparing and developing financial statements to meet the new reporting requirements causing from stock market failures. Then in 1970, when Japanese automobile manufacturers exerted pressure on American and European countries that interest turned to developing a more â€Å"larger in scope† management accounting that reported in quality and service rather than simply organisation unit cost performance By 1925,Almost all cost accounting methods in use at the moment had been developed. since the last sixty years there has been changes in the nature of the business environment. Despite this fact, there has been little change in designing and putting into action most cost accounting and management control procedures. For this reason it is important for people in the business area to completely understand the source of those methods, and look for ways to improve the methods to better meet the needs of today’s business environment. managerial accounting is a young discipline Compared to financial accounting. As a result, managerial accounting concepts and tools are still evolving as news ways are found to provide information that assists management. For managerial accounting to be a useful tool in the future as it has been in the recent past, managerial accounting information must be adapted to reflect those changes. Traditional management accounting systems were called cost cutting systems because they focused on accessing the cost of an important product or activity in the organization. by the late nineteenth century, rail road managers implemented large complex costing systems, that allowed them to compute the costs of carrying the different types of freight such as coal and steel. Efficiency improvement was supported by this information as well as pricing on the railroads, the first company to develop and use large quantities of financial statistics to access organizational performance is the railroads

My curriculm data Essays

My curriculm data Essays My curriculm data Essay My curriculm data Essay Gendarmes office Meeting Manager: Weeks Said Note taker Iranian AL-Mari Attendees: Iranian, Faker, Waft, and Maybe Absent: I-Meeting Discussion point: Staff Discussion and Action Point Notes Projects issues: Weeks Talk to Soma about B. E about B. E budget. Waft did a great Job last week of collecting impact assessment of WBT. Set with Iranian and Faker for B. E customization for farmers. Iranian has to contact Wall to ask about more information in implementing B. E farmers curriculum in Algeria and when can we have the farmer curriculum. Train the consultant to train the farmers. Presentation from Waft about the impact assessment of WEBFOOT training to present it in SF meeting. Maybe has to follow up HUB manager Mohammed Henna for applying Business Women plan of May. Maybe has to start to evaluate the project through selecting beneficiary and know their current situation after being involved in project activities. Iranian Following up training in Saunas , Hoodoo , BIB, and Taxi. Face difficulties because of B. E partners delay the invoices and related documents. Follow up with Waft B. E arrangement for TOT. Follow up the Monitoring and Evaluation consultant. Assessment for new business edge partners. New assistant for issuing certificates for partners instead of Waft. Set with Iranian to see farmers B. E new customization. Set with Weeks and Waft to see the impact of WBT training. Waft Finished the impact assessment for WBT training. Follow up B. E new trainers and make interviews with them. Follow up B. E certificates. Maybe Training B. E in Marketing for Business Women in Mukluk during 5-8 May 2013. And the same training will be in Aden, and Hoodoo will be handled next week . Having Business Women form Outside Yemen( Philippe and Mona ) but waiting the feedback from Faker. HUB plan for May

Systems of Inquiry Essay Example

Systems of Inquiry Essay Example Systems of Inquiry Essay Systems of Inquiry Essay The first three of these activitiesfixing agendas, setting goals, and designing actionsare usually called problem solving; the last, evaluating and choosing, is usually called decision making. This system of inquiry should be performed effectively (Simon, et al., 1986).The basic framework to be used is the determination of the quality of our decisions and problem solutions through the abilities and skills of the human resource in the organization and the tools and machines available like computers. Maximization of the human resource and the use of tools and machine may reach remarkable levels of economic productivity. The targets for this system of inquiry is understanding how human minds, with and without the help of computers, solve problems and make decisions effectively, and improving problem-solving and decision-making capabilities. Some of the knowledge and data that will be gained through this research describes the ways in which people in the organization actually go about making decisions and solving problems, adopt better methods and offer advice for the improvement of the process (A Roundtable Discussion: Knowledge and the New Organization, 2006).Central to the body of prescriptive knowledge about decision making has been the theory of subjective expected utility (SEU), a sophisticated mathematical model of choice that lies at the foundation of most contemporary economics, theoretical statistics, and operations research. subjective expected utility theory defines the conditions of perfect utility-maximizing rationality in a world of certainty or in a world in which the probability distributions of all relevant variables can be provided by the decision makers. In spirit, it might be compared with a theory of ideal gases or of frictionless bodies sliding down inclined planes in a vacuum. subjective expected utility theory deals only with decision making; it has nothing to say about how to frame problems, set goals, or develop new alternatives (Simon, et al., 1986).Prescriptive theories of choice such as subjective expected utility are complemented by empirical research that shows how people actually make decisions (purchasing insurance, voting for political candidates, or investing in securities), and research on the processes people use to solve problems (designing switchgear or finding chemical reaction pathways). This research demonstrates that people solve problems by selective, heuristic search through large problem spaces and large data bases, using means-ends analysis as a principal technique for guiding the search. The expert systems that are now being produced by research on artificial intelligence and applied to such tasks as interpreting oil-well drilling logs or making medical diagnoses are outgrowths of these research findings on human problem solving (Buchanan and Smith, 1988).What chiefly distinguishes the empirical research on decision making and problem solving from the prescriptive approaches derived from subjective expected utility theory is the attention that the former gives to the limits on human rationality. These limits are imposed by the complexity of the world in which we live, the incompleteness and inadequacy of human knowledge, the inconsistencies of individual preference and belief, the conflicts of value among people and groups of people, and the inadequacy of the computations we can carry out, even with the aid of the most powerful computers. The real world of human decisions is not a world of ideal gases, frictionless planes, or vacuums. To bring it within the scope of human thinking powers, we must simplify our problem formulations drastically, even leaving out much or most of what is potentially relevant (Simon, et al., 1986).The descriptive theory of problem solving and decision making is centrally concerned with how people cut problems down to size: how they apply approximate, heuristic techniques to handle complexity that cannot be handled exactly. Out of this descriptive theory is emerging an augmented and amended prescriptive theory, one that takes account of the gaps and elements of unrealism in SEU theory by encompassing problem solving as well as choice and demanding only the kinds of knowledge, consistency, and computational power that are attainable in the real world (Nicholas, 1998).The growing realization that coping with comp lexity is central to human decision making strongly influences the directions of research in this domain. Operations research and artificial intelligence are forging powerful new computational tools; at the same time, a new body of mathematical theory is evolving around the topic of computational complexity. Economics, which has traditionally derived both its descriptive and prescriptive approaches from SEU theory, is now paying a great deal of attention to uncertainty and incomplete information; to so-called agency theory, which takes account of the institutional framework within which decisions are made; and to game theory, which seeks to deal with interindividual and intergroup processes in which there is partial conflict of interest. Economists and political scientists are also increasingly buttressing the empirical foundations of their field by studying individual choice behavior directly and by studying behavior in experimentally constructed markets and simulated political str uctures (Simon, et al., 1986).This system will be adopted since in this system all the alternatives among which choice could be made will be known, and that the consequences of choosing each alternative could be ascertained. It is assumed that a subjective or objective probability distribution of consequences was associated with each alternative. It will make use of the subjective expected utility theory. By admitting subjectively assigned probabilities, subjective expected utility theory opened the way to fusing subjective opinions with objective data, an approach that can also be used in man-machine decision-making systems. In the probabilistic version of the theory, Bayess rule prescribes how people should take account of new information and how they should respond to incomplete information.Through this sytem, strong inferences can be made. Although the assumptions cannot be satisfied even remotely for most complex situations in the real world, they may be satisfied approximately in some microcosmsproblem situations that can be isolated from the worlds complexity and dealt with independently. For example, the manager of a commercial cattle-feeding operation might isolate the problem of finding the least expensive mix of feeds available in the market that would meet all the nutritional requirements of his cattle. The computational tool of linear programming, which is a powerful method for maximizing goal achievement or minimizing costs while satisfying all kinds of side conditions (in this case, the nutritional requirements), can provide the manager with an optimal feed mixoptimal within the limits of approximation of his model to real world conditions. Linear programming and related operations research techniques can be used to make decisions whenever a situation that reasonably fits their assumptions can be carved out of its complex surround. These techniques have been especially valuable aids to middle management in dealing with relatively well-structured decision problems (Simon, et al., 1986).Other tools of modern operations research that can be used adide from linear programming, are integer programming, queuing theory, decision trees, and other widely used techniques. They assume that what is desired is to maximize the achievement of some goal, under specified constraints and assuming that all alternatives and consequences or their probability distributions are known. These tools have proven their usefulness in a wide variety of applications (Simon, et al., 1986).Decision-making and human problem solving is usually studied in laboratory settings, using problems that can be solved in relatively short periods of time seldom more than an hour, and often seeking a maximum density of data about the solution process by asking subjects to think aloud while they work. The thinking-aloud technique can be used dependably to obtain data about subjects behaviors in a wide range of settings. The laboratory study of decision-making and proble m solving has been supplemented by field studies of professionals solving real-world problems. Currently, historical records, including laboratory notebooks of scientists, are also being used to study decision-making and problem-solving processes in scientific discovery (Simon, et al., 1986).These systems can be used by the students or management people in the company. They may question respondents about specific situations, rather than asking for generalizations. They ones conducting this system should be sensitive to the dependence of answers on the exact forms of the questions. They should be aware that behavior in an experimental situation may be different from behavior in real life. They may also attempt to provide experimental settings and motivations that are as realistic as possible. Using thinking-aloud protocols and other approaches, they can try to track the choice behavior step by step, instead of relying just on information about outcomes or querying respondents retrosp ectively about their choice processes (Hofer, 2004).The code will be implemented through finding the underlying bases of human choice behavior. Although not always easy, try to provide veridical accounts of how decision-makers make up their minds, especially when there is uncertainty. In many cases, predict how they will behave but the reasons people give for their choices can often be shown to be rationalizations and not closely related to their real motives (Simon, et al., 1986).Possible reaction that will be generated from the code from employees is that the employees may find that present and prospective computers are not even powerful enough to provide exact solutions for the problems of optimal scheduling and routing of jobs through a typical factory that manufactures a variety of products using many different tools and machines. And the mere thought of using these computational techniques to determine an optimal national policy for energy production or an optimal economic pol icy reveals their limits (Currently skimming chapter: Report of the Research Briefing Panel on Decision Making and Problem Solving, 1986).This system may also make enormous demands on information. For the utility function, the range of available alternatives and the consequences following from each alternative must all be known. The employees may find this system as not fitting real-world problems aside from the informational and computational limits of people and computers and the inconsistencies in their values and perceptions (Simon, et al., 1986).The effect that the code would have on the organization is that the code would provide explanations for the many forms of decisions that has to be made in the business. Incompleteness and asymmetry of information have been shown to be essential for explaining how individuals and business firms decide when to face uncertainty by insuring, when by hedging, and when by assuming the risk. It assumes that economic agents seek to maximize uti lity, but within limits posed by the incompleteness and uncertainty of the information available to them (Currently skimming chapter: Report of the Research Briefing Panel on Decision Making and Problem Solving, 1986).Decision-making and problem-solving relies on large amounts of information that are stored in memory and that are retrievable whenever the maker / solver recognizes cues signaling its relevance. Thus, the expert knowledge of a diagnostician is evoked by the symptoms presented by the patient; this knowledge leads to the recollection of what additional information is needed to discriminate among alternative diseases and, finally, to the diagnosis. In a few cases, it has been possible to estimate how many patterns an expert must be able to recognize in order to gain access to the relevant knowledge stored in memory. In applying knowledge of decision making and problem solving to society-wide, or even organization-wide, phenomena, the problem of aggregation must be solved. Methodologies must be found to extrapolate from theories of individual decision processes to the net effects as a whole. Because of the wide variety of ways in which any given decision task can be approached, it is unrealistic to postulate a representative firm or an economic man, and to simply lump together the behaviors of large numbers of supposedly identical individuals. Solving the aggregation problem becomes more important (Simon, et al., 1986).Organizations sometimes display sophisticated capabilities far beyond the understanding of single individuals. They sometimes make enormous blunders or find themselves incapable of acting. Organizational performance is highly sensitive to the quality of the routines or performance programs that govern behavior and to the adaptability of these routines in the face of a changing environment. In particular, the peripheral vision of a complex organization is limited, so that responses to novelty in the environment may be made in inappropri ate and quasi-automatic ways that cause major failure (Simon, et al., 1986).

Assessment Tools Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assessment Tools Analysis - Essay Example the assessment tools are often utilized to evaluate and assess patients in different states and stages of their wellness, stress, illness, and life (Weber and Kelley, 2010). Therefore, the assessment tools are critical instruments in the health care since they help nurses to determine problems of patients. There are assortments or numerous assessment tools that are frequently utilized within the health care systems. The frequently used nursing assessment tools include Glascow Coma Scale, vital signs, and pain scale, physical and social examinations (Weber and Kelley, 2010). Quality health care services rendered to a patient often depends on the efficiency and accuracy of the results obtained during the assessment. The essential step in the analysis is the trust between the patient and the nurse; otherwise, the assessment tools employed may be irrelevant in the health care. Nursing assessment is a difficult process; however, it is the basis of caring to the patients. Therefore, effective application of assessment analysis tool requires the establishment of holistic relationship between the patient and the caregiver or the nurse. The nursing assessment tools are analyzed in three broad categories including Apgar score, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and Finnegan Scale (Web er and Kelley, 2010). Thus, it is vital for  nurses to practice and adopt the use of these theorems towards rendering effective and quality nursing or health care to

International Marketing, INDIA outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Marketing, INDIA outline - Essay Example Because of this diversity in population and culture, the food habits of the Indian population are different. India is a secular democratic country even though the majority of the population are Hindus. Most of the Hindus are vegetarians whereas Muslims and Christians are non-vegetarians. â€Å"Indias meat consumption is very low - currently 4.5 kg per capita - and it has grown by only 1 kg in the last 20 years† (Prospects for the livestock sector) whereas in vegetable consumption India became one of the prominent countries in the world. Typical meals in India are prepared from wheat, rice, barley, vegetables etc. â€Å"From 1997 to 2003: per capita food availability did not increase, and child malnutrition rates remained at very high levels, with more than 46% of children under five being underweight† (The Financial Express). An international marketer should take note of these food statistics of Indian people seriously while formulating marketing strategies for differen t regions of India Most of the Indian people are living below the poverty line and hence they may not have adequate housing facilities. Many of the Indian people are staying in temporary huts and their housing needs were not properly met by the governments till now. Most of the Indian people live in one-family or house even after their marriage because of their lack of financial abilities to purchase independent houses. Since India is a huge country with different climate zones, different types of houses are built by people living at different regions. For example, in the southern region, concrete houses are more prominent whereas in the northern regions, wooden houses are more common. The awareness about the housing types and family setups in India will give the marketer some idea about the cultural traits of India which is necessary to develop proper marketing strategies. Since India is a diverse country with respect to people,